Since the 17th century, Taiwan's Indigenous peoples have been ravaged by a series of Asian colonizers and their ongoing oppression has largely conditioned their present status and treatment within the Republic of China. This paper focuses on the impact successive colonial strategies have had on the Indigenous territorial base and the capacity of Indigenous peoples to protect and promote their discrete cultural identities. However, despite the continuing effects of colonialism, the restrictions imposed by the "Taiwan Question" and the hostility of Asian states to the concept of Indigenousness, Taiwan's Indigenous peoples have secured constitutional recognition and a Draft Indigenous Autonomy Law has been produced, which allows for the creation of Indigenous autonomous regimes. This paper seeks to critique the draft legislation in the light of existing and emerging international law, and to assess its viability as a mechanism for the delivery of effective Indigenous rights.